2024年5月20日 星期一

試譯:〈雨〉 羅伯特·克里利【The Rain-Robert Creeley】

雨 羅伯特·克里利(試譯:淺白)
 
整整一夜,那聲音
又回來了;
一而再落下
這安靜、且鍥而不捨的雨。
 
在我而言,那個
必須被念記、
且時刻堅持着的
自己,究竟是甚麼?是否
 
就是從未能有半刻稍懈,
哪怕是那些急硬
的雨聲
其為我帶來的
 
也不至於是這樣的知感,
如此執着、廝纏──
我可會就此被閉鎖在
這終極的不自在裏。
 
愛人,如你愛我的話,
且躺下在我旁邊;
為了我,且如雨一樣,成為那些
疲憊、愚妄,或那些
 
半存渴欲的、有意識的漠然
的出口。
且濕着──
在一種得體的喜悅裏。
 
20/5/2024初稿
 
The Rain 
By Robert Creeley (from his 1962 collection For Love)
 
All night the sound had
come back again,
and again falls
this quiet, persistent rain.
 
What am I to myself
that must be remembered,
insisted upon
so often? Is it
 
that never the ease,
even the hardness,
of rain falling
will have for me
 
something other than this,
something not so insistent—
am I to be locked in this
final uneasiness.
 
Love, if you love me,
lie next to me.
Be for me, like rain,
the getting out
 
of the tiredness, the fatuousness, the semi-
lust of intentional indifference.
Be wet
with a decent happiness.




圖片源自網絡。

"Coming of age in the forties, in the chaos of the Second World War, one felt the kinds of coherence that might have been fact of other time and place were no longer possible. There seemed no logic, so to speak, that could bring together all the violent disparities of that experience... Of course, the underlying information of this circumstance had begun long before the time with which I am involved. Once the containment of a Newtonian imagination of the universe had been forced to yield to one proposing life as continuous, atomistic, and without relief... There was no place, finally, from which to propose an objectively ordered reality, a world that could be spoken of as there in the convenience of expectation or habit.

The cities, insofar as they are intensively conglomerate densities of people, no doubt were forced to recognize the change previous to other kinds of place. The neighborhood had been changing endlessly, ever since the onslaught of the Industrial Revolution, and change, like it or not, had become so familiar a condition that there was even a dependence on the energy thus occurring. Nothing seemingly held firm and so one was either brought to a depressed and ironically stated pessimism concerning human possibilities, or one worked to gain location in the insistent flux, recognizing the nature of its shifting energies as intimate with one's own.
...
Hindsight makes all such statement far more tidy than it ever in fact was or could be. As a young man trying to get a purchase on what most concerned me—the issue of my own life and its statement in writing—I knew little if anything of what might be happening. I had gone through a usual education in the East, had witnessed in shock the terrifying conclusion of humans killing one another, had wobbled back to college, married (mistakenly) in the hope of securing myself emotionally, had wandered into the woods just that I had no competence to keep things together in the city, even left the country itself, with my tolerant wife, hoping that some other culture might have news for me I could at last make use of and peace with. But the world, happily or unhappily, offers only one means of leaving, and I was returned without relief again and again to the initial need: a means of making articulate the world in which I and all like me did truly live.

...I could not easily use a previous mode of writing that wasn't consequence of my own literal experience. I couldn't write like Eliot, for example, I couldn't even depend upon Stevens, whose work then much attracted me...

Coming to Black Mountain the spring of 1954 was equally gain of that viability in writing without which it, of necessity, atrophies and becomes a literature merely. Robert Duncan, in recent conversation, recalled his own intention then, "to transform American literature into a viable language—that's what we were trying to do..." Speaking of Frank O'Hara, he noted that extraordinary poet's attempt "to keep the demand on the language as operativeso that something was at issue all the time, and, at the same time, to make it almost like chatter on the telephone that nobody was going to pay attention to before... that the language gain what was assumed before to be its trivial uses. I'm sort of fascinated that trivial means the same thing as three (Hecate). Trivial's the crisis, where it always blows..."
...
Duncan recalls that painters of his interest were already "trying to have something happen in painting" and that painting was "moving away from the inertness of its being on walls and being looked at..." 
...
In his Autobiography, published in 1951, Williams reprints the opening section of "Projective Verse," feeling it "an advance of estimable proportions"... Earlier, seeing the text in manuscript, he had responded enthusiastically, noting that "Everything leans on the verb." Energy and field are insistently in mind in his attempt to desentimentalize accumulated senses of poetry by asserting its thingness. He uses his friend, the painter Charles Sheeler, as context: "The poem (in Charles' case the painting) is the construction in understandable limits of his life..."
...
Just as Williams had to fight all his life the curious stigma which labelled him "antipoetic" (a term unintentionally provided by Wallace Stevens in an introduction to his work, which Stevens wanted to separate from saccharine notions of poetry), so we had to fight to gain a specific diction common to lives then being lived. No doubt the implicit energy of such language was itself attractive, but the arguments against it, coming primarily from the then powerful New Critics, made its use an exhausting battle. Allen Ginsberg remembers coming offstage after his early readings of Howl often so nervously worn out and shocked by the public antagonism, that he'd go to the nearest toilet to vomit. In contrast—and in grotesque parallel indeed to what was the literal condition of the 'world'—we both remembered the authoritative critical works of the time we were in college, books with titles like The Rage for Order and The Well Wrought Urn. Whatever was meant by The Armed Vision, the guns were seemingly pointed at us.

There was also the idea, call it, that poets as Ginsberg or myself were incapable of the formal clarities that poetry, in one way or another, has obviously to do with. Even now, at public readings... someone inevitably (and too often one of my colleagues in teaching) will ask me if I've ever considered using rhyme? It blows my mind! I can't for the life of me figure out where they are in so-called time and space. As Pound pointed out, we don't all of us occupy the same experience of those situations, no matter we may be alive together in the same moment and place(一笑).

When my first wife and I decided at last to separate in 1955, we met in New York to discuss the sad responsibilities of that fact... I remember we were walking along Eighth Street not far from the Cedar Bar, and suddenly there was Philip Guston, across the street, waving to us. My wife had not met him, and I had but recently... and had found him a deeply generous and articulate man... Once we were seated, she let him have it: how do you know when a painting is finished (painting the way you do). He answered very openly and clearly. Given the field of the painting, so to speak, given what might energize it as mass, line, color, etc.—when he came to that point where any further act would be experienced as a diminishment of that tension (when there was nothing more to do , in short), that was when he felt the painting was finished. She let the matter rest, but I knew she felt almost complacently dissatisfied. "He doesn't know what he is doing—he's just fooling around." She, like so many others then and now, did feel that there must be an intention factually outside the work itself, something to be symbolized there, some content elsewise in mind there expressed, as they say. But that a process—again to emphasize it—might be felt and acted upon as crucial in itself she had not considered. So a statement such as Olson's "We do what we know before we know what we do" would be only a meaningless conundrum at best. I guess she thought we were all dumb. 

Far from it, for whatever use it proved. There was, first of all, a dearly held to sense of one's professionalism, as Duncan reminded me, and all of us practiced the art which involved us as best we could... (the painters) know, as do the poets related, the state of the language—in a sense parallel to the scientist's saying something is in a volatile or inert state—so that "we do convey what we mean" and there is attention to what is happening in every part of the work, to keep "a tension throughout."

The diversity of possibilities gained by such an intensive inquiry... At times it may seem almost too large an invitation to accept, and in any situation where it is used either for convenience or habit, an expectable bag of tricks, then whatever it may have generated is at an end...

Possibly the complex of circumstances which made the years 1950 to 1965 so decisive in the arts will not easily recur. No one can make it up, so to speak. But there were clearly years before, equally decisive, and there will no doubt be those now after. This clothes-line is at best an invention of pseudo-history, and the arts do not intend to be history in this way, however much they use the traditions intimate to their practice. When Duncan saw Olson for the last time, in hospital a few days before his death, he said to him, "important as history was to you, there are no followers—and as a matter of fact that isn't what happened in poetry." Olson grinned, and Duncan added, "It was an adventure..."

...As Duncan said of Olson's sense of a city, "You have to confront it and get with it," not "straighten it out. Optimism and pessimism have nothing to do with being alive." The question more aptly is, "How much aliveness is found in living in a city,"...

But none of this, finally, has anything to do with any such argument at all. As Wittgenstein charmingly says, "A point in space is a place for an argument." You'll have to tell mother we're still on the road. Placitas, N.M. August 28, 1974"

-Robert Creeley, On the Road: Notes on Artists & Poets, 1950–1965. From (https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4t1nb2hc&chunk.id=d0e13096&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e13090&brand=ucpress;query=Upanishads#1)

2024年4月30日 星期二

試譯:〈祝福〉 約翰·蒙塔格【Blessing -John Montague】

祝福  約翰·蒙塔格(試譯:淺白)
 
這裏有種溫暖的感覺。
冬日的空中,一絲農作收成的氣味。
一切形式的禱告都是無需的,
當恩典驀地臨降在人身上時。
自然,我們都是從恩典中墮落了;
僅僅是人,我們都忘了是哪種光
曾將我們,一一單獨的,帶來了這地方。
 
30/4/2024初稿
 
Blessing
By John Montague (from his 1978 collection The Great Cloak)
 
A feel of warmth in this place.
In winter air, a scent of harvest.
No form of prayer is needed,
When by sudden grace attended.
Naturally, we fall from grace.
Mere humans, we forget what light
Led us, lonely, to this place.


2024年10月7日攝於清水灣郊野公園。


後記:一般譯詩過後,總是難免會有一個「挑剔」的階段:但覺這裏不順意,那裏不合心,彷彿驟眼過處,盡是文字裏最「篤眼篤鼻」的地方。但這一首,記得當日譯完,一時間,竟似俾自己譯文感動到有少少眼濕濕……只能說,這一種好詩,是「可遇不可求」的。而且一世人中也未必再能遇上多少次。(25/11/2024識)

試譯:〈光天化日〉 約翰·蒙塔格【A Bright Day -John Montague】

光天化日  約翰·蒙塔格(試譯:淺白)
給約翰·麥加恩
 
有時我會看到它──切實
 如一白晝,或山丘──
是道出某事物時,最可能將它說得澈亮
 的唯一方式。
 
不同於那種累疊的繁采
 來自舊時的歷史言語──
彼等濃膩的、麝香的氣息!
 而是一種遲緩的準確性
 
透過儀式化其細節
 以重塑經驗──
窗幔前淺色的蛛網,一張松木桌
 的闊度,直到全部事物
 
皆嬰帶上一種巫惑似的光澤──
 甚至連那壁爐架上的鐘
都忽以猛疾的喜悅,揮顫着雙臂
 ──有關如此、如此、及如此。
 
30/4/2024初稿

A Bright Day
By John Montague (from his 1967 collection A Chosen Light)
for John McGahern
 
At times I see it, present
  As a bright day, or a hill,
The only way of saying something
  Luminously as possible.
 
Not the accumulated richness
  Of an old historical language—
That musk-deep odour!
  But a slow exactness
 
Which recreates experience
  By ritualizing its details—
Pale web of curtain, width
  Of deal table, till all
 
Takes on a witch-bright glow
  And even the clock on the mantel
Moves its hands in a fierce delight
  Of so, and so, and so. 


圖片源自網絡。

"‘A Bright Day’ is a visionary poem, an undisappointed Gile na Gile(i.e. Brightness of Brightness)... Since I first read it more than forty years ago I have loved it for its art, at once delicately tentative and utterly surefooted...

"Here the vision is mediated through a window, a wind’s eye between the hill outside and table inside, between the permanent and the immanent; but it is mediated also through the poet’s ear, through enjambements that hesitate and pass as ineluctably as the second hand of that clock on the mantel, through rhymes that compound the ritual with the usual, commingle the ‘hill’ with the ‘possible’, the ‘richness’ with the ‘exactness’, the ‘all’ with the ‘details’, the ‘so’ with the ‘glow’. And by the end of the poem that ‘witch-bright glow’ beyond the curtained pane transmits a weird electric charge into the language. There is magic, we might say, in the molossus(三個長音節構成的音步)...

"In every decade since the late 1950s there have been classic Montague achievements in both registers (i.e. mythos and modernity)... but of none (might say), ‘This is better than “A Bright Day”."

-From Chosen Lights: Poets on Poems(ed. by Peter Fallon), Seamus Heaney on the poem

2024年4月21日 星期日

試譯:〈及冠之人〉 勞勃·佩恩·華倫【Man Coming of Age-Robert Penn Warren】

及冠之人 勞勃·佩恩·華倫(試譯:淺白)
 
何底新霜,或箔絲,單純而徹冽,
在清旦勾劃了那一新入目的山頭?
 
光輝在夜中作成:
一個死去的世界,闇昧凝寒;忽乃覷見
如此光華,自思緒裏閃綻開來。
 
故就這樣安頓了——一張垂死的面容
在嘔吐與抽搐過後,宛然自在。
 
(而這種自在,並未見於過去——
在那焦煩、悖謬,且無有愛的房間裏:
看守人沉重地坐着,而夜正漫長。)
 
而如今佇立在其自家的門坎前,
他凝看那冠飾着山頂的林子,
 
並問道:「是這樣嗎,當日在那無帶聲息
的林木下,一再游蕩以自證本心的;那個
可不是更見青蔥和有愛嗎?」
 
確曾是這樣嗎?現在,和着抽筋的
膝踝,且讓他跨踏過陡斜的坡路,
 
一面想着哪些是他素知的徑途;
一面在積雪的樹幹下尋覓:那一點
稀弱、且不無嗔責的另我
 
山林的行者,在無一葉的林裏;
岥前的攀巖人,請領受您的悲傷
 
然後便去罷!免得他,在你行踏
那片昔曾如此輕煦的、被人駐居的地表前,
輒如霧一樣,消遁在那玻璃般的大暗裏。
 
21/4/2024初稿

Man Coming of Age 
By Robert Penn Warren (from his 1935 collection Thirty-Six Poems)
 
What rime, what tinsel pure and chill,
At dawn defines the new-spied hill?
 
This brilliance in the night was wrought:
Of dark and cold a dead world caught
Such light that glitters out of thought.
 
So settles on a dying face,
After the retch and spasm, grace.
 
(A grace like that did not belong
In the room of no-love, fret, and wrong:
The watchers sat heavy, night was long.)
 
Now standing on his own doorsill,
He views the woods that crest the hill,
 
And asks: "Was it I who roamed to prove
My heart beneath the unwhispering grove
In season greener and of more love?"
 
And was it he? Now let him stride
With cramped knee the slant hillside,
 
Pondering what ways he used to know,
Seeking under the snowy bough
That frail reproachful alter ego.
 
Walker in woods that bear no leaf,
Climber of rocks, assume your grief
 
And go! lest he, before you tread
That ground once sweetly tenanted,
Like mist, down the glassy gloom be fled. 


圖片源自網絡。

異鄉的早晨 梁秉鈞

異鄉的早晨  梁秉鈞

雲層洶湧地向這邊捲過來
好似顯示天空深處更大的變幻
展現在廣闊的水面上,掩去黎明的顏色
黑壓壓的雲裏有許多揮舞的手勢
要把天地重新安排
翻開沉聚多年的抑鬱
裏面盡是無聲而雄辯的言語

一下子,一切模糊了
灰色的豪雨泯滅了邊界,天變了
怎樣分辨兇悍與溫柔?恐懼或是安慰?
荒蕪的心中只見白蛇一樣的閃電
從最高處竄下深淵
四周都是一片同樣的顏色
模糊了,不知是在故土還是異鄉
房間裏來自各處的中國人聚首,恍如
隔世的言語說出來變了意義

變化的天氣隔絕了
昨天眾人創出的那個今天
怎樣去說今天的故事呢?
不一樣了,攜來的中心失去了
相對的邊緣,沉重的行囊
變得難以言說的輕。昨天
變成碎片,混雜了不同口音的怨曲
圍繞着從迷霧中顯現的高塔

我從豪雨中醒來,看見變化的天地
迷濛中似有逝去的人在向我說話
又再隱入霧中。想起我們認識的人
散落在各處,經歷暴雨凌虐
默默看雨後簷滴,破碎的話噙在嘴角
混雜在別的聲音中學說成新的話語
澄藍的天空中,撕裂了的片片白雲
散落在異國的高樓旁邊

1991年7月,芝加哥

2024年4月16日 星期二

思舊賦  向秀

思舊賦  向秀(227—272年)

並序
 
  余與嵇康、呂安居止接近《世說新語·簡傲》:「康方大樹下鍛(打鐵),向子期為佐鼓排(風箱)。」,其人並有不羈之才。然嵇志遠而疏,呂心曠而放,其後各以事見法劉孝標引《晉陽秋》云:「初,康與東平呂安親善。安嫡兄遜(呂巽)淫安妻徐氏,安欲告遜、遣妻,以咨於康,康喻(勸喻)而抑之。遜內不自安,陰告安撾(音渣。毆打)母,表(上表)求徙邊。安當徙,訴(訴訟)自理,辭引康(供辭提及到嵇康,或引康為證)。」又引《文士傳》云:「呂安罹事,康詣獄以明之。鍾會庭論康(余嘉錫疏:會時以司隸治呂安之獄,故得庭論康),曰:『今皇道開明,四海風靡,邊鄙無詭隨(妄隨)之民,街巷無異口之議。而康上不臣天子,下不事王侯,輕時傲世,不為物用,無益於今,有敗於俗。昔太公誅華士(案:《韓非子·外儲說右上》:「太公望東封於齊,齊東海上有居士曰狂矞、華士昆弟二人者,立議曰:『吾不臣天子,不友(交往)諸侯,耕作而食之,掘井而飲之,吾無求於人也。無(不要)上之名,無君之祿,不事仕而事力。』太公望至於營丘,使吏執殺之以為首誅。周公旦……問之曰:『夫二子,賢者也。今日饗(享)國而殺賢者,何也?』太公望曰:『……彼不臣天子者,是望不得而臣(案:以其為臣)也。不友諸侯者,是望不得而使(差使)也。耕作而食之,掘井而飲之,無求於人者,是望不得以賞罰勸禁也。且無上名,雖知,不為望用;不仰君祿,雖賢,不為望功。不仕則不治,不任則不忠。且先王之所以使其臣民者,非爵祿則刑罰也。今四者不足以使之,則望當誰為君乎(案:即作誰人之君也。一笑)?不服兵革而顯,不親耕耨而名,又非所以教於國也。今有馬於此,如驥之狀者,天下之至良也。然而驅之不前,卻之不止,左之不左,右之不右,則臧獲(奴僕)雖賤,不託其足……已(既)自謂以為世之賢士,而不為主用,行極賢而不用於君……亦驥之不可左右矣,是以誅之。』」),孔子戮少正卯,以其負才亂群惑眾也。今不誅康,無以清潔王道。』於是錄康閉獄。」又裴松之注《三國志·王衛二劉傅傳》引《魏氏春秋》:「及山濤為選曹郎,舉康自代,康答書拒絕,因自說不堪流俗,而非薄湯、武。大將軍聞而怒焉。」《世說新語·言語》:「嵇中散既被誅,向子期舉郡計(上計,即匯報政績)入洛,文王引進,問曰:『聞君有箕山之志(歸隱之志。堯時巢父、許由在箕山隱居),何以在此?』對曰:『巢、許狷介之士,不足多慕。』王大咨嗟。」余嘉錫疏:「(魏、晉士大夫)身仕亂朝,欲當官而行,則生命可憂;欲高蹈遠引,則門戶靡託。」。嵇博綜技藝,於絲竹特妙。臨當就命,顧視日影,索琴而彈之。余逝將西邁,經其舊廬劉良注:「言往日西行(之京),今還而過其舊居。」。於時日薄虞淵傳説為日沒處。《淮南子·天文訓》:「日入于虞淵之汜(音似。《說文》:水別復入水也)。」,寒冰淒然;鄰人有吹笛者,發聲寥亮。追思曩昔遊宴之好,感音而嘆,故作賦云:
 
將命適於遠京兮鄭玄注《儀禮·聘禮》:「將,猶奉也。」,遂旋反而北徂。濟黃河以汎舟兮,經山陽之舊居在今河南。嵇康原隱居在山陽嵇山之下。瞻曠野之蕭條兮,息余駕乎城隅。踐二子之遺蹟兮,歷窮巷之空廬。歎黍離之愍周兮李善注引《毛詩序》云:「《黍離》,閔宗周也。周大夫行役,過故宗周,見周墟盡為禾黍,故歌黍離之詩。」《王風·黍離》:「行邁靡靡(傳云:猶遲遲),中心搖搖。知我者,謂我心憂,不知我者,謂我何求。悠悠蒼天!此何人哉?」,悲麥秀於殷墟《尚書大傳·殷傳·微子》:「微子將往朝周,過殷之故墟,見麥秀之蔪蔪(音尖)……志動心悲,欲哭,則為朝周;俯泣則婦人。推而廣之,作雅聲歌曰:麥秀蔪蔪兮,黍米(日黽)(日黽)(音猛)。彼狡僮兮,不我好兮。」《史記·宋微子世家》:「箕子朝周,過故殷虛,感宮室毀壞,生禾黍,箕子傷之,欲哭則不可,欲泣為其近婦人,乃作麥秀之詩以歌詠之。其詩曰:麥秀漸漸兮,禾黍油油。彼狡僮兮,不與我好兮!所謂狡童者,紂也。」又《鄭風·狡童》:「彼狡童兮,不與我言兮。」毛傳:「昭公(鄭昭公,名忽)有壯狡之志。」鄭玄箋:「賢者欲與忽圖國之政事,而忽不能受之,故云然。」姚際恆《詩經通論》:「呼君為狡童,似未安……此篇與上篇皆有深于憂時之大意,大抵在鄭之亂朝;其所指何人何事,不可知矣。」王先謙《詩三家義集疏》引錢大昕云:「衛武公刺厲王云:『於乎小子。』古人質樸,不以為嫌……壯狡與雄武意略同,昭公志在自奮,而所與圖者非其人,故惟有壯狡之志,而闇於事機,終將及禍。」狡又通姣。鄭玄注《鄭風·山有扶蘇》:「狡童有貌而無實。」。惟古昔以懷今兮,心徘徊以躊躇。棟宇存而弗毀兮,形神逝其焉如李善注:「如,往也。」。昔李斯之受罪兮,嘆黃犬而長吟《史記·李斯列傳》:「二世二年七月,具斯五刑,論腰斬咸陽市。斯出獄,與其中子俱執,顧謂其中子曰:『吾欲與若復牽黃犬俱出上蔡東門逐狡兔,豈可得乎?』遂父子相哭,而夷三族。」。悼嵇生之永辭兮,顧日影而彈琴劉勰《文心雕龍·指瑕》:「向秀之賦嵇生,方罪於李斯……不類甚矣。」駱鴻凱《文選學·餘論》:「此以李相之臨死張皇,反形叔夜之從容就戮,正言叔夜勝於李相,非以嘆黃犬媲顧影彈琴也。彥和說誤。」託運遇於領會兮李善注引司馬彪云:「言人運命如衣領之相交會,或合或開。」寄餘命於寸陰聽鳴笛之慷慨兮,妙聲絕而復尋。停駕言其將邁兮《邶風·泉水》:「駕言出遊,以寫我憂。」言,助語辭遂援翰而寫心

參考資料:

文選李善注(https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E6%98%8E%E6%96%87%E9%81%B8/%E5%8D%B716#%E6%80%9D%E8%88%8A%E8%B3%A6)
五臣注(呂延濟、劉良、張銑、呂向和李周翰)(https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=834604#%E6%80%9D%E8%88%8A%E8%B3%A6)

2024年3月31日 星期日

哀郢  屈原

哀郢  屈原

題解:
王逸注:「此章言己雖被放,心在楚國,徘徊而不忍去,蔽於讒諂,思見君而不得。故太史公讀《哀郢》而悲其志也。」
王夫之《楚辭通釋》:「曰東遷,曰楫齊揚……曰夏為丘,曰兩東門可蕪……其非遷原於沅漵,而為楚之遷陳也明甚。」
馬其昶《屈賦微》:「(引吳汝綸曰)向疑此篇為頃襄王徙陳時作。徙陳在襄王二十一年,屈原遷逐,蓋在襄王初年,不能至徙陳時尚在也。然篇內百姓離散相失,及兩東門之可蕪,皆非一身放逐之感,且必皆實事非空言。」

皇天之不純命兮朱熹《楚辭集注》:「純,不雜而有常也。」,何百姓之震愆王逸注:「言皇天不純一其施,則萬物夭傷;人君不純一其政,則百姓震動以觸罪也。」王夫之《楚辭通釋》:「愆,失其生理也。」民離散而相失兮,方仲春而東遷朱熹注:「仲春二月,陰陽之中,沖和之氣,人民和樂之時也(案:《春秋繁露》:仲春之月……陰陽相半也,故晝夜均而寒暑平)。屈原被放時,適會凶荒,人民離散,而原亦在行中,閔其流離,因以自傷無所歸咎,而歎皇天之不純其命,不能福善禍淫(猶賞善罰惡),相協民居,使之當此和樂之時,而遭離散之苦也。」。去故鄉而就遠兮,遵江夏以流亡王逸注:「遵,循也。江夏,水名也。言己東行,循江夏之水而遂流亡,無還鄉之期也。」馬其昶《屈賦微》:「秦在楚之西,楚屢被秦兵,則當時之轉徙避難者,必東遷江夏。」。出國門而軫懷兮軫音診,王逸注:「痛也。」,甲之鼂吾以行甲日,舊曆每旬的第一天。鼂通「朝」,王逸注:「旦也。」。發郢都而去閭兮,怊荒忽之焉極怊音超,《說文》:「悲也。」王逸注:「言己始發郢,去我閭里,愁思荒忽,安有窮極之時。」荒忽,洪興祖注《九歌·湘夫人》:「不分明之貌。」一說為遙遠貌。楫齊揚以容與兮王逸注:「言己去乘船,士卒齊舉楫櫂(通棹),低徊容與,咸有還意。」朱熹注:「容與,徘徊也。」又張銑注《九章·涉江》:「容與,徐動貌。」,哀見君而不再得。望長楸而太息兮楸,梓樹之古稱。朱熹注:「楸,梓也……所謂故國之喬木,使人顧望徘徊不忍去也。」,涕淫淫其若霰霰音扇,《說文》:「稷雪也。」段玉裁注:「謂雪之如稷者……俗謂米雪,或謂粒雪皆是也。」《小雅·頍弁》:「如彼雨雪,先集維霰。」孔穎達疏:「天將大雨雪,其始必微溫暖。雪自上下,逢遇溫氣消釋,集聚而摶,謂之霰。積久而雪之寒氣勝此溫氣,則大雪散下,是雪有漸……先霰后雪。」。過夏首而西浮兮,顧龍門而不見王逸注:「言己從西浮而東行,過夏水之口,望楚東門,蔽而不見,自傷日以遠也。」朱熹注:「夏首,夏水口也。浮,不進之而自流也。」一說在荊江的鹽卡、木沉淵一帶,有一段折向西行的曲江,故作此語。馬其昶注:「(引錢澄之云):『由郢入漢以至夏口,皆東行;由夏口出江而轉溯湖湘,則西浮矣。』流亡之民,東遷江夏而止;而原獨以竄逐復過夏首而西浮,故下文曰眇不知余所蹠。」。心嬋媛而傷懷兮媛音袁。王逸注:「嬋媛,猶牽引也,眇不知其所蹠眇通渺,蹠音隻。王逸注:「眇,猶遠也。蹠,踐也。」。順風波以從流兮,焉洋洋而為客焉,由是、遂。《呂氏春秋·季春紀》:「天子焉始乘舟,薦鮪于寢廟。」高誘注:「焉猶於(也)……於是始乘舟薦進也。」王逸注:「洋洋,無所歸貌也……遂洋洋遠客,而無所歸也。」又洪興祖補注:「洋洋,水盛貌。」。凌陽侯之氾濫兮王逸注:「陽侯,大波之神。」應劭注《漢書·揚雄傳》:「陽侯,古之諸侯也,有罪自投江,其神為大波。」,忽翱翔之焉薄王逸注:「薄,止也。言己遂復乘大波而遊,忽然無所止薄也。」。心絓結而不解兮,思蹇產而不釋蹇音件(居偃切),王逸注:「絓,懸……蹇產,詰屈也。言己乘船蹈波……心肝懸結,思念詰屈,而不可解釋也。」。將運舟而下浮兮,上洞庭而下江南上洞庭,而北入長江。案:據馬王堆出土之漢代地圖,皆為上南下北貌。去終古之所居兮,今逍遙而來東王逸注《離騷》:「逍遙、相羊(徜徉),皆遊也。」亦有身輕無依的含意。羌靈魂之欲歸兮發語詞,何須臾而忘反何有片刻而不思返也背夏浦而西思兮,哀故都之日遠朱熹注:「時未過夏浦也,故背之而回首西鄉以思郢也。」。登大墳以遠望兮水中高地。王逸注:「水中高者為墳。」,聊以舒吾憂心。哀州土之平樂兮平樂,和平安樂,又朱熹注:「地寬博而人富饒也。」,悲江介之遺風江介,江岸、沿江一帶。王夫之注:「夾江南北也。」。當陵陽之焉至兮《廣韻》:「當,值也。」戴震《屈原賦注》:「上云陵陽侯之氾濫,此言當陵陽省文也。」錢澄之《屈詁》:「至,言不知從何而至也。」一說為地名,朱熹注:「陵陽,未詳。」,淼南渡之焉如淼音秒,《說文》︰「大水也。」王逸注:「彌望無際極也……無棲集也。」《廣韻》:「焉,何也。」《爾雅·釋詁》:「如,往也。」。曾不知夏之為丘兮夏通廈,朱熹注:「夏,大屋也。丘,荒墟也。」王逸注:「懷王信用讒佞,國將危亡,曾不知其所居宮殿當為墟也。」,孰兩東門之可蕪朱熹注:「郢都東關有二門……亦先王所設以守國者。」《史記·楚世家》:「(楚頃襄王)二十一年(公元前278年),秦將白起遂拔我郢,燒先王墓夷陵。」。心不怡之長久兮,憂與愁其相接王逸注:「接,續也……憂愁相續,無有解也。」。惟郢路之遼遠兮王逸注:「楚道逶迤,山谷隘也。」,江與夏之不可涉。忽若去不信兮錢澄之注:「去,去郢也。忽若者,情迷之詞,思郢已極,忽若暫與郢違,以為真去而不信也;至今九年不復,則信去矣。」忽若,猶恍若,至今九年而不復洪興祖補注:「當頃襄王之三年(前296年),懷王卒於秦。頃襄聽讒,復放屈原……於江南耳……云九年而不復,蓋作此時放已九年也。」王夫之注:「當始遷時,且謂秦難稍平,仍復歸郢。至此作賦之時,九年不復,終不可復矣。賦作於九年之後,則前云仲春甲之朝者,皆追憶始遷而言之。」。慘鬱鬱而不通兮,蹇侘傺而含慼蹇,發語詞。侘傺,音詫砌,王逸注《離騷》:「失志貌。侘,猶堂堂,立貌也。傺,住也,楚人名住曰傺。」《揚子·方言》:「傺,逗也。」。外承歡之汋約兮外,表面上。承歡,猶受寵,或解奉承以獲取歡心也。汋通綽,王逸注:「汋約,好貌。」,諶荏弱而難持諶音岑,王逸注:「誠也。」馬其昶注:「此豈能持國柄者乎?」。忠湛湛而願進兮王逸注:「湛湛,重厚貌。」,妒被離而鄣之鄣通障,朱熹注:「被離,衆盛貌。鄣,壅也。」又錢澄之注:「被離,猶百草之隨風東西,所謂隨聲相和也。」。彼堯舜之抗行兮抗通亢,《廣韻》:「亢,高也。」,瞭杳杳而薄天王夫之注:「瞭,明也。杳杳,高遠也。薄天,言德之高峻極于天也。」錢澄之注:「(引李陳玉云)以堯舜之行,天下共見,猶舉頭見天。」。衆讒人之嫉妒兮,被以不慈之偽名洪興祖補注:「堯、舜與賢而不與子,故有不慈之名。《莊子》曰︰『堯不慈,舜不孝。』言此者,以明堯、舜大聖,猶不免讒謗,況餘人乎?」又《莊子·盜跖》篇:「堯殺長子,舜流母弟。」。憎慍惀之修美兮,好夫人之忼慨惀音倫。洪興祖補注:「慍,心所緼積也。惀,思求曉知謂之惀……君子之慍惀若可鄙者;小人之忼慨若可喜者,惟明者能察之。」王夫之注:「慍惀,誠積而不能言也……慷慨,巧言無忌也。」錢澄之注:「慍惀者憂形於色,心若絲棼(音墳。案:亂也);慷慨者謂己治已安,無可憂慮。故慍惀可憎,而慷慨可好。」衆踥蹀而日進兮踥蹀,音妾蝶,王夫之注:「相踵而進。」,美超遠而逾邁錢澄之注:「超然自遠,日遠日疏。美即脩美,原自謂也。」邁,《說文》:「遠行也。」《正韻》:「往也。」
 
亂曰《玉篇》:「亂,理也。」《康熙字典》:「樂之卒章曰亂……古賦末皆有亂,總一賦之終,發其要指也。」:曼余目以流觀兮《說文》︰「曼,引也。」又朱熹注:「曼,遠意。」猶遠目、極目,冀一反之何時鳥飛反故鄉兮,狐死必首丘朱熹注:「不忘其所自生也。」。信非吾罪而棄逐兮案:猶問心無愧矣,何日夜而忘之

 

參考資料:

王逸、洪興祖注(https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E8%BE%AD%E8%A3%9C%E8%A8%BB/%E5%8D%B7%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B)

朱熹,楚辭集注(https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E8%BE%AD%E9%9B%86%E6%B3%A8_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B74)

王夫之《楚辭通釋》(https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=38180&page=58)

戴震《屈原賦注》(https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=38312&page=11)

錢澄之《莊屈合詁》(https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=222936&page=266)

馬其昶《屈賦微》(https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=35606&page=11)